Pratiksha Baxi on sexual violence - Apologies aside
In the aftermath of the Delhi protests, numerous women spoke out. Many read this to mean that the culture of silence is finally breaking down. Yet, what is really dismaying is how easily our institutions script impunity as a response. The response to the complaint against Tarun Tejpal illustrates the politics of impunity in the media.
Everyone knows that women journalists face routine forms of sexual violence at the workplace, yet few talk about it. When women challenge the public secrecy of rape by speaking out, publicity does not do justice to them. Historically speaking, we must remember that law reform emerges from experiences of unspeakable sexual violence. Rao Harnarain Singh Sheoji vs State of Punjab (1958) distinguished between passive submission and consent, after a young working class woman was gangraped to death by a public prosecutor and two colleagues in his home. Yet this precedent was set aside when the Supreme Court acquitted the policemen who raped Mathura in 1979.
The open letter on Mathura's case, authored by four law professors, challenged the Supreme Court's decision and thereafter, the first national anti-rape campaign resulted in amendments to the law in 1983. Although Mathura's biography changed more than 100 years of legal history, the law denied justice to her.
Similarly, the Vishakha guidelines on sexual harassment at the workplace emerged from Bhanwari Devi's protest against the acquittal of the men who gangraped her. No proceedings were initiated enquiring why her appeal against the acquittal languishes in the Rajasthan high court. Neither were tort proceedings instituted for employer liability. We got the Vishaka guidelines, while Bhanwari Devi learnt that caste offers impunity to rapists. This abject disconnect between a survivor's life and legal history has everything to do with the vexed question of how public discourse engages with a survivor's testimony.
Yet again, it is a young woman journalist's experience of sexual violence which signals Vishakha-type reform in media organisations. Shockingly, her complaint of rape was at first misrepresented as sexual harassment at the workplace. Television anchors remained unfazed by their own confusion about the distinctions between sexual harassment, sexual assault and rape in law and life. And like zombies, we watched outraged anchors packaging legal literacy bytes.
Calls to activate Vishakha resounded. But Vishakha debates neglected to note that a nominated inquiry committee does not ensure accountability and autonomy when the complaint is against the boss. Further, if an employer makes rape the condition for employment, placing this at par with other forms of sexual harassment does not challenge sexual impunity. Disciplinary action must be commensurate with the violence.
Typically, any organisation must first ensure the complainant's safety. Pending inquiry, the accused person must be divested of all positions of power and declared out of bounds, so that the complainant can resume work if she wishes to. Further, a restraint order must be issued against the accused (or those acting on his behalf) to prevent intimidation or pressure to settle. Besides, a survivor has the right to file a tort case against the employer, since the employer is liable for inability to create safe conditions of work. Surely, this creates a conflict of interest, wherein the management would be interested in the apology and pardon route, without costs.
Confessions, apologies and pardons operate within an economy of power that reduces a crime to a transgression. Often, the contents of a confession or apology produce further trauma. Moreover, a pardon, following an apology, can be seen as an implicit admission of consent in a potential civil (or criminal) case, limiting liability. Hence, an apology may not actually amount to punishment, especially where liability is an issue.
While a crime warrants disciplinary action, that does not substitute legal action. The first instinct is to ensure that the violence stops, hence, often the first complaint is to the workplace. The agency of the survivor to file a criminal complaint, a choice the law denies in those forms of violence named as crimes against society, must find institutional support. In rape cases, the organisation must hire a lawyer for the survivor so that she feels empowered to participate in the legal process. If legal support had ensured confidentiality and privacy, even as the case found tweeting publicity, the material conditions of testimony could have changed, empowering her further.
The trauma is aggravated by publicity, peer pressure and the fear of loss of employment...
