Harsh Kapoor - Caught Between Scylla and Charybdis: Europe and The Future For Radical Left Syriza Govt in Greece
[A version of this article has appeared in Mainstream weekly,
21 March 2015]
Let us begin with some jottings from history. In our
imagination Greece occupies the bedrock of key western ideas with its first
city states and the idea of democracy, but that was ancient Greece. Modern
Greece as we know has had an important place in Europe after it emerged
breaking free from the Ottoman empire in the 1820s with the intervention of
France, Britain and Russia. A very poor and essentially rural country then with
a limited state under deep sway of corrupt elites. Located at the confluence of
Southern Europe and the Balkans it was deeply marked by wars with Turkey (also
a traumatic transfer of populations agreement with Turkey), an extreme right
dictatorship in the mid 1930s, the German occupation, its own civil war till
1949. Post civil-war Greece of the 1950s and 1960s remained authoritarian and
under-developed. United States called the shots in these cold war years and
then came a spell of dictatorship from 1967 to 1974 to pre-empt the rise of the
left. Greeks have had it very hard and have a great tradition of resistance
acknowledged in Europe.
Europe was marked by widespread anti-fascist resistance to
overcome the wars that had destroyed and economically drained its people; peace
was then seen as crucial for democracy. Communists were at the forefront of the struggle against the
colonels’ regime in Greece in particular the Athens Polytechnic uprising 1973.
Repression of the uprising led to mass mobilisation that led to the overthrow
of the dictatorship. The 1974 democratic and peaceful transition in Greece was
hailed across Europe. It had alternating governments of the centre Left PASOK
and the New Democracy Conservatives as the two principal political actors. In
1992 Greece (along with post Franco Spain and Portugal) signed the Maastricht
Treaty and in 2001 it joined the Eurozone — countries with a common currency.
Greece has been in the thick of its most severe economic
crisis since 2010. The backdrop for this crisis dates to the 2008 financial
meltdown that affected the world economy and the Eurozone. Across Europe the
economic crisis has fuelled the rise of quick fix, ‘anti political’ and
‘anti-systemic’ movements and also of the far right while taking the sheen of
the old established mainstream political parties leading to loss of influence.
The story of decline of the old left parties of Europe is independent of this
and that started in the 1980’s reached its zenith in the crisis years starting
2007 on.
There has been much excitement among left circles in Europe
and across the world ever since a coalition of the far left Syriza formed a
government in Greece. Syriza is a broad network of political activists from
different currents of the far left, the feminists, ecologists,
anti-corruptioniks and all of the resistance struggles against austerity of
recent years as part of it. Origins of Syriza go back to the period 2004 - 2008, the
Coalition of the Radical Left developed through the past years marked by crisis
but expanded its popularity in a somewhat alarming way in 2011; The open secret
here is that during the long drawn 2011 Syntagma Square occupations in Athens
left wing anti-imperialists and ultra nationalists rubbed shoulders on the same
side in a toxic entente. This has created a short term spill over effect where
Right / Left, Left / Right axis appear in a blurred spectrum with a shifting
base in crisis marked Greece. By the 2012 elections, the Coalition of the
Radical Left, Syriza, went from having 5 per cent to 27 per cent of the votes
and making it the second-biggest party in Greece. In January 2015 elections
Syriza won 36.3% votes giving it 149 seats in the 300 seat Greek parliament. It
had to tie up with sovereigntyist right-wing ANEL party [Independent Greeks] to
obtain the majority required to form the government as a result the new govt
has rabidly reactionary defence minister. Syriza’s own foreign minister is
nutty ideologue of the ‘patriotic left’ (formerly with the still unadulterated
Stalinist Communist Party of Greece the KKE).
There are also many prominent
left academics who are part of the government, Rania Antonopoulos who is the
deputy minister of labour once specialised on Employment Guarantee schemes of
1970s in India, there is Yanis Varoufakis a highly accomplished economist who
is the minister of Finance who had been a former advisor to a PASOK govt. The
Nicos Poulantzas Institute Syriza’s think tank has provided sterling support in
the form of valuable intellectual resources.
Europe’s old left parties which were mass parties have sunk
in popularity and ceded grounds to Far right parties that are quite popular
with labouring classes (a uncomfortable reality mostly unacknowledged by the
left). The two though share ‘national sovereignty’ as common repertoire and a
rejection of the Eurozone and espouse economic autarchy vis a vis European
economic union as a solution. We have seen something similar around the world
where the Left and the Right came to share a common language with regards to
globalisation.
The past few years has seen a number of governments in
Greece collapse while trying to implement a slew of economic austerity measures
imposed by the European Commission, the European central bank and the
International Monetary Fund (The Troika). The scale of the crisis has been enormous leading to collapse
of basic social infrastructure in Greece, leading to the denial of access to
health care for 3 million people, quite dramatic for a European country with a
population of 11 million.
According to Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) figures of March 2014, 30 percent of the Greek population
lives below the poverty line and 17 percent of the people are unable to meet
their daily food requirements. Umpteen media reports have described the huge
increase in disease, suicide and prevent-able death. A large social crisis
emerged, also providing fertile grounds for the rise of the far-right and neo
Nazi Golden Dawn party, they went about distributing food to the needy while
pushing ultra nationalism. (Half a million people voted for it)
The election of a pro poor Left government committed to
oppose neo liberal policies and adjustment measures resulting in mass
unemployment has the airs of a “Greek spring” with vast support of the
population, larger than its real strength. Syriza’s opposition to externally
imposed austerity policies is formulated in simple terms of defending national
sovereignty against an outsider - The Troika. Syriza’s political campaign has
relied a great deal on a patriotic and populist idiom, deploying a ‘saving the
nation’ device and tapped into the vast reservoir of resentment within Greece. (It is a matter of History now that in 1979-80, the iconic
founder and leader of PASOK Andreas Papandreou had opposed membership to both
to EEC and NATO saying they were part of the same syndicate but those were
different times).
However, it accepts that political action in and against the
European Union is the route to take. In a bold and internationalist stance the
Syriza has broken with the anti-European rhetoric of the old Left and have
opposed an exit from the Euro, saying it will be disastrous for the future of
Europe. But they are caught in a vortex as they try to negotiate their way with
bankers and EU officialdom. The size of the Greek public debt is gigantic – 323
billion Euros — and the hands of the left government are tied to prevailing
economic agreements across Europe.
Syriza – is arguing for a bail-out package with the EU that
would create a new solidarity in Europe based on fair fiscal, and social and
labour policies. Millions of people haven’t been paid wages, pensions and
unemployment benefits. Discontent has chiselled space for acceptance of
violence in daily politics. Syriza while it gets down to providing economic
relief to citizens, must now to draw the line without fear of breaking its ties
with the street, by not closing its eyes to banalisation of xenophobia and anti
outsider/immigrant sentiment. It is an explosive situation. In time of economic
and social unrest the European Union was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for
keeping the Peace and Tolerance in Europe, be that as it may Europe cannot look
away from the serious social crisis in Greece, it has a special responsibility
to come up with a social Marshall plan.
Tucked within the Greek turmoil has been another crisis that
has been spinning out of control – xenophobic violence against migrants and
asylum seekers, on Roma, on Gays and on leftists, mob violence against migrants
from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, North and sub-Saharan Africa has been
witnessed right through years 2013 and 2014.
EU officials have agreed to extend the Greek economic
bailout for four months at the end of February 2015, allowing the nation a
little breathing space not to impose new austerity measures, but also requiring
Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and co. to continue paying back the European
Union. Syriza government’s economists are framing – with the troika
breathing down their necks – proposals to expand the income generation of the
Greek state and reduce its expenditure. At the same time, the new Greek
government is moving to raise pension and the minimum wage levels and ending
the previous government’s privatisation program. A very daunting task. Syriza
has come up with it first proposed legislation to partly deal with the humanitarian
crisis, but so far it has ducked the class question with regards to structural
inequalities in Greece to craft practicable alternatives expected by the
movements of the unemployed, the poor, and the disenfranchised that brought
Syriza to power. This can be counterproductive in the long run.
In Greece’s economic pyramid, the big untouchables have
been, the Greek Orthodox Church, always exempt from paying taxes on its vast
properties and the Shipping oligarchs who wield immense power and evade taxes
and influenced political futures. Syriza plans to tax the rich and to clampdown
on tax evasion, as part of austerity measures; Some of these may not pass with
the EU, moreover Greece’s immensely powerful shipping magnates faced with a
property tax dragnet are likely to fund of any forces that undermine and bring
down Syriza. The beleaguered Far Right Golden Dawn party is likely to see a
rise in its funding from dubious sources to destabilise Greece and tie down
Syriza.
Syriza’s left project will certainly have mass popular
support to stave of opposition from the wealthy oligarchs inside Greece, but it
cannot use its popular support to challenge unfair demands of the European
monetarists in driving seat at the EU. Syriza has the goodwill and support of a
wide number of intellectuals from across Europe. It must therefore
internationalise the campaign across Europe to get support from social
movements, trade unions etc. for organising giant protests against austerity in
Brussels, Berlin or Paris. But the prime responsibility for this will have to
be shouldered by the European left. The Spanish, French, Italian and German
democrats, labour organisers and social justice campaigners should jointly
organise mass actions to hold back the "troika" from strangling the
government in Greece. The common interest of Europe is at stake, today it is
Greece tomorrow it will be other countries.
It is difficult to say how long the Syriza govt will survive
in Greece and whether it will be successful; but if this is looked at only as national
problem and not taken to be an opportunity by the left groups across Europe
everyone will miss the bus. A failure of the Syriza government will certainly
open the floodgates in terms of rise in social and electoral prospects the
extreme nationalist formations within Greece. Let us not forget that Golden
Dawn had had 21 MPs in parliament and got some 7% of vote. Elsewhere in Europe
too we are already seeing a phenomenal rise of ultra nationalist extremist
forces.
An intense cross border European solidarity can help shift
the question of national sovereignty into a call for democratisation and a
Europeanised economic policy. EU has to stop being a technocratic instrument of
economic policing and to become socially accountable to people. A whole new model
is needed, to deal with the crisis across Europe, the public debt burden and a
common poverty and social alleviation programme be Europeanised without leaving
it to National governments. A radical new Euro-Left strategic vision is the key
here: A basic requirement here would be to shelve the age old baggage of left
nationalism. It should campaign for a Europe wide common approach so that EU
doesn’t treat each affected country in a piecemeal manner by placing the burden
of crisis separately.
It should resist all calls for pre-Schengen closed
borders within Europe. It must also actively mobilise to face head on the
growing mutation of nationalist sentiments into fascist hysteria – a grave
danger to Europe. Nurtured and educated by the groundswell of radical grass
roots movements against austerity, a new Trans-European left alliance can
(re)emerge as a popular force among the precarious layers of the new labouring
poor not just its traditional forte – the proletariat; with enough bargaining
power to refashion a Europe that isn’t just in the service of big elites and
capital. Will they rise to the occasion? This isn’t about capture of state
power but about capture of people’s imaginations, the left’s own imagination
and energies that connect the local, national struggles with common European
(and international) ones. The continued economic crisis is undermining the
Europe’s common political and economic future, it is time to take the bull by
the horns before is too late or else nationalists, populists, and isolationists
will have a field day.
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