Book review - Who We Are And How We Got Here: David Reich
Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past by David Reich
Reviewed by Shobhit Mahajan
Paleogenetics: A Leap Into Our Branches
In 2010, a team of paleo geneticists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, led by the Swedish biologist Svante Pääbo published an astonishing result- they had managed to sequence the entire Neanderthal genome and found that there had been interbreeding between the Neanderthals and the West Eurasian humans. In a sense, the field of paleo genetics had finally come of age. Paleo genetics or the science of using genetics to study ancient humans and other populations relied heavily on the enormous advances in the technology to extract and sequence genomes since the Human Genome project. David Reich, a member of this team went on to establish his own laboratory at Harvard. Reich’s new book is a popular exposition of the revolutionary potential of paleo genetics to understand humanity’s origins and “histories”.
Reviewed by Shobhit Mahajan
Paleogenetics: A Leap Into Our Branches
In 2010, a team of paleo geneticists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, led by the Swedish biologist Svante Pääbo published an astonishing result- they had managed to sequence the entire Neanderthal genome and found that there had been interbreeding between the Neanderthals and the West Eurasian humans. In a sense, the field of paleo genetics had finally come of age. Paleo genetics or the science of using genetics to study ancient humans and other populations relied heavily on the enormous advances in the technology to extract and sequence genomes since the Human Genome project. David Reich, a member of this team went on to establish his own laboratory at Harvard. Reich’s new book is a popular exposition of the revolutionary potential of paleo genetics to understand humanity’s origins and “histories”.
The workhorse of paleo
genetics is the DNA molecule. The DNA molecule is a helix shaped molecule which
is the blueprint for life. It consists of arrangements of 4 bases denoted by
the letters, A,T, G and C whose ordering determines the coding of amino acids
and hence the production of different proteins in a cell. During replication,
sometimes there is an error in the copying of the bases and a wrong base is
added to the new DNA strand. These errors or mutations are what form the basis
on which natural selection operates. Interestingly, the rate at which mutations
accumulate in a genome is constant over generations which allow us to determine
how long back two segments shared a common ancestor. What we have is a kind of
biological stopwatch.
The DNA in a cell is
actually of two kinds- the nuclear DNA or nDNA which is what we usually refer
to as our genetic code and a second type of DNA found only in structures known
as mitochondria which are outside the cell nucleus. The mitochondrial DNA or
mDNA is much smaller than the nuclear DNA and therefore much simpler to
sequence. More importantly, mDNA is only passed down from the mother and hence
reflects a purely matrilineal heritage. With the coming of
advanced gene sequencing machines, sequencing DNA from living populations can
now be done rapidly and in a relatively straightforward manner. Doing the same
from samples of ancient populations is on the other hand, extremely
challenging. The DNA in ancient remains degrades with time, the sample gets
contaminated by microbes and fungi and finally there is a chance of
contamination from human handling. Nevertheless, with the pioneering
efforts of Pääbo and others to overcome these challenges, there are now several
laboratories, including that of David Reich which are carrying out this work.
The book under review
offers an overview of how the study of ancient DNA has radically transformed
our view of prehistory. Sometime around 2 million years ago, an archaic species
of humans emerged in Africa which was not just the ancestor of us Homo sapiens,
but also of at least two other archaic populations: Neanderthals and
Denisovans. Around 700,000 years ago, the Neanderthals and modern humans
separated while the Denisovans separated from the Neanderthals at a later date.
The Denisovans primarily inhabited the eastern part of the Eurasian continental
mass while the Neanderthals were concentrated in Western Eurasia. Modern humans
migrated out of Africa around 50,000 years ago.
Reich traces the
origins of modern humans including the peoples of modern Europe, the Indian
sub-continent, East Asia as well as Native Americans. The determination of the
lineages of these major population groups reads like a detective story where
scientists follow clues from anthropology, archaeology and even linguistics to
finally establish our origins with genetic evidence. Though the book is written
in an easy to follow style and the technical aspects are explained lucidly, the
various case studies can be a bit confusing. .. read more:
https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/leap-into-our-branches/300795